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اموزش زبان انگلیسی
عبدالرضا بازدید : 14 پنجشنبه 02 آذر 1391 نظرات (0)

 

Most Verbs

Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below.

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I waited.
  • You waited.
  • We waited.
  • They waited.
  • He waited.
  • She waited.
  • It waited.
  • I did not wait.
  • You did not wait.
  • We did not wait.
  • They did not wait.
  • He did not wait.
  • She did not wait.
  • It did not wait.
  • Did I wait?
  • Did you wait?
  • Did we wait?
  • Did they wait?
  • Did he wait?
  • Did she wait?
  • Did it wait?

Irregular Verbs

 

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I had.
  • You had.
  • We had.
  • They had.
  • He had.
  • She had.
  • It had.
  • I did not have.
  • You did not have.
  • We did not have.
  • They did not have.
  • He did not have.
  • She did not have.
  • It did not have.
  • Did I have?
  • Did you have?
  • Did we have?
  • Did they have?
  • Did he have?
  • Did she have?
  • Did it have?

To Be

The verb "be" is also irregular in the Simple Past. Unlike other irregular verbs, there are two Simple Past forms: "was" and "were." It also has different question forms and negative forms. Always remember that you DO NOT use "did" with the verb "be" in the Simple Past.

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I was.
  • You were.
  • We were.
  • They were.
  • He was.
  • She was.
  • It was.
  • I was not.
  • You were not.
  • We were not.
  • They were not.
  • He was not.
  • She was not.
  • It was not.
  • Was I?
  • Were you?
  • Were we?
  • Were they?
  • Was he?
  • Was she?
  • Was it?

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs behave very strangely in the Simple Past. The most important verb to remember is "must." Notice how it becomes "had to" in the Simple Past.

"Must" becomes "had to":

  • I must call my wife now.
  • I had to call my wife yesterday.

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

  • I saw a movie yesterday.
  • I didn't see a play yesterday.
  • Last year, I traveled to Japan.
  • Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
  • Did you have dinner last night?
  • She washed her car.
  • He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

  • I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
  • He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
  • Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

  • I lived in Brazil for two years.
  • Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
  • They sat at the beach all day.
  • They did not stay at the party the entire time.
  • We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
  • A: How long did you wait for them?
    B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to" To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

  • I studied French when I was a child.
  • He played the violin.
  • He didn't play the piano.
  • Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
  • She worked at the movie theater after school.
  • They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to"

Examples:

  • She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
  • He didn't like tomatoes before.
  • Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
  • People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

  • When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
  • She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

  • I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

  • You just called Debbie.
  • Did you just call Debbie?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

  • Tom repaired the car. Active
  • The car was repaired by Tom. Passive
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[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

  • You speak English.
  • Do you speak English?
  • You do not speak English.

Simple Present Forms

Most Verbs

Most verbs conjugate like the verb "run" below. Notice how you add an "s" to third-person forms. Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using "does."

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I run.
  • You run.
  • We run.
  • They run.
  • He runs.
  • She runs.
  • It runs.
  • I do not run.
  • You do not run.
  • We do not run.
  • They do not run.
  • He does not run.
  • She does not run.
  • It does not run.
  • Do I run?
  • Do you run?
  • Do we run?
  • Do they run?
  • Does he run?
  • Does she run?
  • Does it run?

Instead of "s," "es" is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special "es"-forms have been marked below with an asterisk*.

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I rush.
  • You rush.
  • We rush.
  • They rush.
  • He rushes. *
  • She rushes. *
  • It rushes. *
  • I do not rush.
  • You do not rush.
  • We do not rush.
  • They do not rush.
  • He does not rush.
  • She does not rush.
  • It does not rush.
  • Do I rush?
  • Do you rush?
  • Do we rush?
  • Do they rush?
  • Does he rush?
  • Does she rush?
  • Does it rush?

To Have

The verb "have" is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been marked below with an asterisk*.

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I have.
  • You have.
  • We have.
  • They have.
  • He has. *
  • She has. *
  • It has. *
  • I do not have.
  • You do not have.
  • We do not have.
  • They do not have.
  • He does not have.
  • She does not have.
  • It does not have.
  • Do I have?
  • Do you have?
  • Do we have?
  • Do they have?
  • Does he have?
  • Does she have?
  • Does it have?

To Be

The verb "be" is irregular in the Simple Present. It also has different question forms and negative forms.

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I am.
  • You are.
  • We are.
  • They are.
  • He is.
  • She is.
  • It is.
  • I am not.
  • You are not.
  • We are not.
  • They are not.
  • He is not.
  • She is not.
  • It is not.
  • Am I?
  • Are you?
  • Are we?
  • Are they?
  • Is he?
  • Is she?
  • Is it?

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs behave differently from other verbs. Notice that they do not take "s" in the third person - there is no difference between first-person, second-person or third-person forms. Like the verb "be" described above, modal verbs also have different question forms and negative forms in Simple Present.

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I should go.
  • You should go.
  • We should go.
  • They should go.
  • He should go.
  • She should go.
  • It should go.
  • I should not go.
  • You should not go.
  • We should not go.
  • They should not go.
  • He should not go.
  • She should not go.
  • It should not go.
  • Should I go?
  • Should you go?
  • Should we go?
  • Should they go?
  • Should he go?
  • Should she go?
  • Should it go?

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

  • I play tennis.
  • She does not play tennis.
  • Does he play tennis?
  • The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
  • The train does not leave at 9 AM.
  • When does the train usually leave?
  • She always forgets her purse.
  • He never forgets his wallet.
  • Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
  • Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

  • Cats like milk.
  • Birds do not like milk.
  • Do pigs like milk?
  • California is in America.
  • California is not in the United Kingdom.
  • Windows are made of glass.
  • Windows are not made of wood.
  • New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

  • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
  • The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
  • When do we board the plane?
  • The party starts at 8 o'clock.
  • When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Examples:

  • I am here now.
  • She is not here now.
  • He needs help right now.
  • He does not need help now.
  • He has his passport in his hand.
  • Do you have your passport with you?
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Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

  • You will help him later.
  • Will you help him later?
  • You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

  • You are going to meet Jane tonight.
  • Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
  • You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

 

Simple Future Forms

 

Using "Will"

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I will help.
  • You will help.
  • We will help.
  • They will help.
  • He will help.
  • She will help.
  • It will help.
  • I will not help.
  • You will not help.
  • We will not help.
  • They will not help.
  • He will not help.
  • She will not help.
  • It will not help.
  • Will I help?
  • Will you help?
  • Will we help?
  • Will they help?
  • Will he help?
  • Will she help?
  • Will it help?

Using "Be Going to"

 

Positive Negative Question
  • I am going to leave.
  • You are going to leave.
  • We are going to leave.
  • They are going to leave.
  • He is going to leave.
  • She is going to leave.
  • It is going to leave.
  • I am not going to leave.
  • You are not going to leave.
  • We are not going to leave.
  • They are not going to leave.
  • He is not going to leave.
  • She is not going to leave.
  • It is not going to leave.
  • Am I going to leave?
  • Are you going to leave?
  • Are we going to leave?
  • Are they going to leave?
  • Is he going to leave?
  • Is she going to leave?
  • Is it going to leave?

 

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

  • I will send you the information when I get it.
  • I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
  • Will you help me move this heavy table?
  • Will you make dinner?
  • I will not do your homework for you.
  • I won't do all the housework myself!
  • A: I'm really hungry.
    B: I'll make some sandwiches.
  • A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
    B: I'll get you some coffee.
  • A: The phone is ringing.
    B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

  • I will call you when I arrive.
  • If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
  • I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
  • Don't worry, I'll be careful.
  • I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

  • He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
  • She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
  • A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
    B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
  • I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
  • Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
  • They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
  • Who are you going to invite to the party?
  • A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
    B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:

  • The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
  • The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
  • John Smith will be the next President.
  • John Smith is going to be the next President.
  • The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
  • The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
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سه كلمه فوق به معناي «همچنين» مي باشند با اين تفاوت كه also رسمي تر از بقيه مي باشد و معمولاً قبل از افعال اصلي و بعد از افعال كمكي به كار ميرود.

- He speaks French and he also writes it.

- She was rich and she was also selfish.

ترجيحاً هنگاميكه فعل مورد تأكيد است از also قبل از آن استفاده ميشود.

- I can also swim.

در جمله فوق اشاره مي شود كه علاوه بر فعاليت هاي ديگر قادر به شنا كردن هم هستم.

دو كلمه too و as well بيشتر در پايان عبارت بكار مي روند.

- I've read the book and I've seen the film as well/too.

چنانچه بخواهيم فاعل را مورد تأكيد قرار دهيم بلافاصله بعد از آن از too استفاده مي شود.

- I, too, can swim.

تذكر: سه كلمه  also- too و as well در جملات مثبت بكار ميروند و در جملات منفي مي توان از not … either يا neither … nor در جملات مثبت ولي با مفهوم منفي استفاده كرد.

- They haven't phoned and they haven't written either.

- I don't want to go either.

- Neither you nor I know what happened.

- We like neither the American design nor the European one.

چنان كه اشاره شد با تغيير موقعيت too معني جمله تغيير مي كند.

- She, too, understands English.

- She understands English, too.

جمله اول بدين معناست كه او هم مانند ديگران انگليسي را مي فهمد در حاليكه جمله دوم بدان معناست كه او علاوه بر زبان هاي ديگر، انگليسي را هم مي فهمد.

as well تنها در پايان جمله بكار مي رود و پس از آن چيزي قرار نمي گيرد در حاليكه پس از as well as ميتوان شخص يا چيز مورد نظر را ذكر كرد.

- Are they coming as well?

- He gave me money as well as advice.

عبدالرضا بازدید : 9 پنجشنبه 02 آذر 1391 نظرات (0)

1-What's your name?            my name is mehdi.

نام من مهدی هست .                   نام شما چیست؟

2-What's his name?              his name is michae 

                    نام او مایکل هست.              نام او (مذکر)چیست؟

3-What's her name?             her name is Jennifer.

  نام او جنفر هست .           نام او(مونث)چیست؟      

دوستان به نظر من کسی می تواند زبان انگلیسی را خوب یاد بگرید که مداوم تمرین کند وبا ساختارهای ساده جمله بسازد ازهمه  مهمتر این است که کسی می تواند ادعا کند زبان انگلیسی را یاد گرفته ام که بتواند آن را بکار ببرد.

توضیح.

در اینجا what is = what's  به معنی چه هست یا چیست .

Your name به معنی نام شما

Her name به معنی  نام او(مذکر)

Her name به معنی نام او (مونث)

عبدالرضا بازدید : 9 پنجشنبه 02 آذر 1391 نظرات (0)

 

 

Next to

کنار

Behind

عقب وپشت

Under

زیر

In

داخل

On

روی

In front of

جلو

 

 

Where are the keys?

کلیدها کجاست؟

The keys are in the briefcase.

آنها داخل کیف هستند

The keys are on the briefcase.

آنها روی کیف هستند

The keys are in front of the briefcase.

آنها جلو کیف هستند

The keys are next to the briefcase.

آنها کنا رکیف هستند

The keys are behind the briefcase.

آنها پشت کیف هستند

The keys are under the briefcase.

آنها زیر کیف هستند

 

 

 

Where is the watch?

ساعت مچی کجاست؟

The watch is in the bag.

آن هست داخل کیف

The watch is on the bag.

آن هست روی کیف

The watch is in front of the bag.

آن هست جلو کیف

The watch is next to the bag.

آن هست کنار کیف

The watch is behind the bag.

آن هست پشت کیف

The watch is under the bag.

آن هست زیر کیف

 

عبدالرضا بازدید : 10 پنجشنبه 02 آذر 1391 نظرات (0)

-ضمایر فاعلی :        I ,you, he/she /it ,we ,you ,they

2-ضمایرمفعولی:        me ,you ,hem, /her/it ,us, you ,them

3-صفات ملکی:       my, your, his/her /its, our ,your, their

4-ضمایر ملکی:       mine, yours , his /hers/,ours ,yours, theirs

5-ضمایرانعکاسی:     myself ,yourself ,himself /herself/itself ,ourselves ,yourselves ,themselves

عبدالرضا بازدید : 5 پنجشنبه 02 آذر 1391 نظرات (0)

زمان شکلی از فعل است که عمل یا حالتی را در زمان نشان می دهد. به طور کلی در زبان انگلیسی سه زمان اصلی وجود دارد: زمان حال، زمان گذشته و زمان آینده.

هر زمان دارای چهار حالت: ساده،استمراری، کامل و کامل استمراری است. زمان های اصلی زمان های واقع شدن فعل را نشان می دهند و چهار حالت مختلف نحوه و چگونگی انجام کار را. با توجه به سه زمان اصلی و چهار حالت هر یک، می توان گفت که در انگلیسی12 زمان به طریق زیر وجود دارد:

 

زمان هاي آینده

آینده ساده (مستقبل ساده)

آینده استمراری

آینده کامل

آینده کامل استمراری

 

زمان هاي گذشته

گذشته ساده (ماضی ساده)

گذشته استمراری

گذشته کامل (ماضی بعید)

گذشته کامل استمراری

 

زمان هاي حال

حال ساده (مضارع)

حال استمراری

حال کامل (ماضی نقلی)

حال کامل استمراری

 

زمان حال ساده

Simple Present Tense

طرز ساختن:

شكل ساده فعل (مصدر بدون to)  +     فاعل

 

تبصره_ در سوم شخص مفرد فعل s  یا  es  می گیرد.

موارد استعمال:

1- برای کارهای عادی و تکراری.در این حالت یکی از قیود تکرار مانند  often، never و غیره بین فاعل و فعل اصلی جمله قرار می گیرد:

I usually go to school at 8 o'clock.

 

2- برای کارهای تغییر ناپذیر و حقیقی:

The earth moves round the sun.

 

3- برای کارهای عادی ولی تغییر پذیر:

He has a lot of friends.

 

4- برای کارهایی که در زمان آینده نزدیک به طور قطع صورت می گیرد:

My friend leaves Tehran for Paris tomorrow.

 

5- افعالی که مربوط به هوش و حواس بوده و یا غیر ارادی باشند با زمان حال بیان می شوند.پاره ای ازاین افعال عبارتند از:

understand, know, notice, mean, want, believe, refuse, have, process, forget, remember, be, wish, consider, forgive, seem, think, imagine, see, hear, feel, smell, taste, suppose, trust, etc.

 

6- برای وقایع تاریخی که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و گوینده بخواهد آن را برای شنوندگان با اهمیت خاصی بیان کند.

7- برای بیان استعداد و توانایی از زمان حال ساده استفاده می شود:

He solves difficult problems.

 

8 - بعد از حروف ربط زیر اگر فعلی به آینده دلالت کند به جای آینده از حال ساده استفاده می کنند:

After, before, since, as soon as, until, till, as, if, unless, when, whenever

مانند:

He will begin his new jobs as soon as he returns home.

 

 

زمان حال استمراری

Present Continuous Tense

  طرز ساختن:

شكل ing دار فعل اصلي am /are/is + +فاعل

 

موارد استعمال:

1- بیان کارهایی که در لحظه صحبت ناتمام و در حال ادامه است.در این مورد قیدهایی مانند now, at present, for the time being و غیره همراه است:

He is speaking French now.

 

2- بیان کارهایی که هنوز پایان نیافته و برای مدتی ادامه خواهد داشت:

We are studying English these days.

 

3- بیان کارهایی که به صورت عادتی تازه درآمده و احتمالاً زیاد دوان نخواهد داشت:

He is going for a walk once a week.

 

4- بیان کارهایی که در آینده نزدیک صورت می گیرد.در این مورد ذکر قید زمان آینده ضروری است:

They are leaving for London tomorrow.

 

5- افعالی که تحت کنترل بشر نیست و غیر ارادی است در زمان حال استمراری کمتر کاربرد دارد و به جای آن زمان حال ساده به کار می رود:

I forget his name.

 

یادآوری_ در مورد فوق اگر جنبه و معنی ارادی مورد نظر بود زمان حال استمراری (زمان های استمراری) می توان به کار برد:

(فعل  see ارادی است) 

I see he has written the matter.

 

به موضوع رسیدگی می کنم(فعل ارادی است)

I am seeing to the matter.

                        

 

 

 زمان حال کامل (ماضی نقلی)

Present Perfect Tense

طرز ساختن:

اسم مفعول (قسمت سوم فعل اصلي) + have / has + فاعل

 

موارد استعمال:

1- کاری که در زمان گذشته نامعلوم انجام گرفته است:

He has seen this film.

 

2- کاری که در گذسته نزدیک انجام گرفته است.در این مورد معمولاً قید just بین فعل معین و اسم مفعول فعل قرار می گیرد:

He has just begun the work.

3- کاری در گرشته به کرات تکرار شده است:

I have read this novel many times.

 

4- کاری که در گذشته انجام گرفته و اثر آن تا به حال باقی است.در این مورد معمولاً  یکی از حروف اضافه since  یا for به کار برده می شود:

We have studied English since 1970.

 

تبصره1_ در مورد فوق گاهی یکی از فعل های زیر به کار برده می شود:

never, ever, always, recently, lately

He has recently been in America.

 

تبصره2_to be to  در ماضی نقلی به معنی رفتن و از جایی دیدن کردن و to be in  به معنی اقامت کردن است:

از اصفهان دیدن کرده اند.

They have been to Isfahan.

 

زمان حال کامل استمراری  

 Present Perfect Continuous Tense

طرز ساختن:

فعل با  ing+

+ been

have

  +     فاعل

has

 

موارد استعمال:

1- کارهایی که در گذشته آغاز شده و ادامه یافته و تا زمان حال رسیده و ممکن است در آینده نیز ادامه یابد:

He has been reading this novel since yesterday afternoon.

 

2- گاهی عملی از گذشته آغاز شده و ادامه یافته و به زمان حال می رسد ولی در زمان حال قطع می شود:

I have been written a letter for half an hour.

 

3- بیان کارهایی که در گذشته ادامه داشته در ضمن بین زمان مورد نظر منقضی نشده است:

We have been doing our homework all this afternoon.

 

 

زمان گذشته ساده یا ماضی مطلق                                         Simple Past tense

طرز ساختن:

زمان گذشته فعل  (قسمت دوم)

+فاعل

 

موارد استعمال:

1- کارهایی که در گدشته معینی انجام گرفته و در این مورد قیدهایی نظیر ago, last night, yesterday و نظایر آنها با جمله همراه است:

I finished my work two hours ago.

 

2- کارهایی که در گذشته به صورت عادت و تکرار انجام گرفته و اغلب با یکی از قیدهای تکرار همراه است:

When I was in London, I often went to the opera.

 

تبصره_ ممکن است به جای قید و زمان گذشته فعل از ترکیب (مصدر+ used to ) استفاده کرد.این عمل غالباً برای کارهایی است که در گذشته عادت بوده ولی اکنون متروک است:

I used to play football when I was 16 years old.

 

3- بعد از حرف ربط unless , if و سایر ادوات شرط برای بیان شرط حال(فرض حال)،زمان گذشته به کار می رود:

If I saw him, I should tell him the matter.

 

 

زمان گذشته استمراری (ماضی استمراری)

Past Continuous Tense

طرز ساختن:

فعل با ing   +

was

+ فاعل

were

 

موارد استعمال:

1- کاری که در گذشته ادامه داشته و همزمان با آن کار دیگری صورت گیرد:

We were reading newspaper when the telephone rang.

 

2- کاری که در گذشته معین مدتی ادامه داشته است:

He was swimming at 3 o'clock yesterday.

 

3- کارهایی که همزمان با هم در گذشته مدتی ادامه داشته است:

When we were playing chess, my father was watching television.

 

4- کارهایی که در طول زمان معین در گذشته ادامه داشته است:

All last month we were visiting round Europe.

 

 

زمان گذشته کامل (ماضی بعید)                Past Perfect Tense

طرز ساختن:

اسم مفعول    (قسمت سوم فعل)

+had

+فاعل

 

موارد استعمال:

1- بیان کاری که در گذشته قبل از گذشته دیگر انجام گرفته است:

When we got to the station, the train had left.

 

2- بیان کاری که قبل از زمانی در گذشته انجام گرفته است:

They had finished the work before noon.

 

تبصره_ گاهی فعل زمان گذشته (مورد اول) و یا قید زمان گذشته(مورد دوم) از جمله حذف می شود ولی شنونده از مضمون سخن بدان پی می برد:

I had seen him (before I left the school).

 

3- بعد از حرف ربط قیدی مانند unless , if و سایر ادوات شرط برای بیان فرض گذشته به کار می رود:

If he had come earlier, he would have seen the doctor.

 

زمان گذشته کامل استمراری

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

طرز ساختن:

فعل با ing

+been

+had

+فاعل

 

موارد استعمال:

هر گاه دو کار در زمان گذشته انجام گرفته و یکی از کارها مقدم بر دیگری باشد و در عین حال مدتی نیز ادامه داشته باشد آن را به صورت ماضی بعید استمراری بیان می کند:

He had been living in Tehran for 10 years before he died.

 

 

زمان آینده کامل استمراری

 Future Perfect Continuous Tense

طرز ساختن:

فعل با ing +

+ been

+ have

shall

 +   فاعل

will

 

موارد استعمال:

قرینه این زمان در زبان فارسی وجود ندارد ، این زمان برای کاری است که تا زمان معینی در آینده انجام گرفته و کامل شده یا فبل از زمانی در آینده تمام شده ولی ضمناً مدتی نیز ادامه داشته باشد:

I shall have been living in Tehran for 20 years by next month.

 

 

زمان آینده کامل                        Future Perfect Tense

طرز ساختن:

اسم مفعول فعل

 + have

shall

+     فاعل

will

 

موارد استعمال:

1- كاری که قبل از کار دیگری در آینده تمام و کامل شده است:

When you return, I shall have done my work.

 

2- کاری که تا زمان معینی در آینده انجام گرفته و تمام شده است.در این مورد معمولاً حرف اضافه زمانی by  قبل از قید زمان آینده به کار می رود:

This trip will have sailed by 9 o'clock tomorrow night.

 

نكته: بعد از حروف ربطی مانند as soon as ,  until , till که زمان موقت و نزدیک را می رسانند به جای آینده کامل،ماضی نقلی به کار می برند:

   I will see you as soon as I have finished my work.  

 

زمان آینده استمراری

 Future Continuous Tense

طرز ساختن:

فعل با ing  +

be

shall

+     فاعل

will

 

موارد استعمال:

این زمان قرینه ماضی استمراری است و تقریباً در آن موارد منتها در آینده به کار می رود:

1- کاری که در آینده ادامه دارد و کاری بر آن واقع می شود:

When you arrive, we shall be having dinner.

 

2- کاری که در زمان معینی در آینده در حال ادامه است:

At 2 o'clock tomorrow afternoon we shall be playing football.

 

3- کارهایی که همزمان با هم در آینده ادامه خواهد داشت:

While they will be listening to the radio, we shall be playing chess.

 

4-  کاری که در طول زمان معینی در آینده ادامه خواهد داشت:

I shall be traveling round Europe all next month.

 

نكته: موارد استعمال و تغییرات مربوط به will ,  shall در اشخاص مختلف در این زمان نیز نظیر آینده ساده است.

 

 

زمان آینده ساده

 Simple Future Tense

 طرز ساختن:

مصدر بدون to   +

shall

+    فاعل

will

 

نكته1: در اول شخص مفرد و جمع از فعل معین shall و در بقیه اشخاص از  will استفاده می شود.

نكته2: در موقع سوال در دوم شخص در صورتی که منظور گوینده درخواست و تقاضا باشد از will استفاده می کنن:

آیا ممکن است در را باز کنید؟

Will  you open the door?

 

 ولی اگر صرفاً آینده سوالی معمولی مورد نظر باشد جمله فوق به این ترتیب خواهد بود:

آیا در را باز خواهید کرد؟

Shall you open the door?

    کاربرد will , shall منظورهای مختلفی را بیان می کند که در زیر به آنها اشاره می کنیم:

الف_ will در اول شخص به جای shall مفهوم قصد و قول و یا تمایل دارد:

قول می دهم این کار را برای شما انجام دهم.

I will do it for you.

                        

 ب_ در دوم شخص مفرد و جمع کاربرد shall به جای  will در حالت منفی و سوالی بیان تهدید و یا قول است که گوینده در مورد مخاطب خود به کار می برد:

این کار را نخواهی کرد. 

You shall not do it.

 

پ_ کاربرد shall در سوم شخص مفرد و جمع مبین تهدید و یا قولی است که گوینده در مورد سوم شخص مخاطب خود می دهد:

این مسئله را حل خواهدکرد.

He shall solve this problem.                   

 

ت_ در دوم شخص مفرد و جمع همچنین در سوم شخص مفرد و جمع آوری برای بیان اجازه،shall به کار می برند:

You shall see him if you want.

 

ث_ ترکیب shall we معادل let us بوده و مفهوم کسب اجازه است.

اجازه می دهید بازی را آغاز کنیم؟

Shall we begin the play?

 

موارد استعمال:

برای بیان کارهایی که در زمان معینی در آینده احتمال وقوع دارد:

We shall take an exam next month.

 

یادآوری1_ در انگلیسی آمریکایی امروزه فعل will  را برای تمام اشخاص به کار می برند.

یادآوری2_ افعال:hope, want, intend, promise, except, choose, like, mean به جای فعل آینده به کار برده می شود:

He hopes to visit Europe next summer.

 

یادآوری3_ افعال ناقص در آینده به کار نمیروند و به جای آنها از افعال مترادف آنها استفاده می شود مانند can که در آینده به صورت  be able به کار می رود:

I shall we able to finish my article tonight.

 

توجه1_ یکی دیگر از فرمول هایی که در آینده به کار می رود:

 

  مصدر   +

be   going  to

  +     فاعل

 

این فرمول از آینده صرفاً برای کارهای قطعی و معین در آینده است.موقع ترجمه این ترکیب در فارسی از عبارات نظیر قصد دارم،می خواهم،و غیره استفاده می کنند:

میخواهند ما را به شام دعوت نمایند.

They are going to invite us to dinner.

 

توجه2_ غیر از دو فرمول بالا که بررسی گردید برای آینده نزدیک از دو ترکیب

  "to be about to" و    "to be on the point of" نیز استفاده می کنند:

در شرف اتمام کار خویش است.

He is about to finish his work.             

قصد فرار دارند.

They are on the point of running away.                 

 

زمان گذشته کامل استمراری

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

طرز ساختن:

فعل با ing

+   been

+  had

  +    فاعل

 

موارد استعمال:

هر گاه دو کار در زمان گذشته انجام گرفته و یکی از کارها مقدم بر دیگری باشد و در عین حال مدتی نیز ادامه داشته باشد آن را به صورت ماضی بعید استمراری بیان می کند:

He had been living in Tehran for 10 years before he died.

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