كلمات پرسشي به دو دسته تقسيم مي شوند :

الف) كلمات پرسشي دسته ي اول :

بعد از كلمات پرسشي دسته ي اول همواره جمله به شكل سوالي بكار مي رود.

ب) كلمات پرسشي دسته ي دوم :

بعد از كلمات پرسشي دسته ي دوم ابتدا اسم بكار رفته و پس از اسم جمله به شكل سوالي بكار مي رود.

براي سوالي كردن جملات انگليسي به وسيله ي كلمات پرسشي مراحل زير را انجام مي دهيم .

1- كلمه ي پرسشي مورد نظر را در ابتداي جمله سوالي قرار مي دهيم.

2- پس از كلمه ي پرسشي جمله را به شكل سوالي در مي آوريم.

3- با توجه به معني كلمه ي پرسشي و طبق جداول فوق كلمه يا كلمات حذفي را از جمله حذف مي كنيم .

4- چنانچه كلمه ي پرسشي جزء كلمات پرسشي نوع دوم باشد، اسم را در جمله پيدا كرده و آنرا

پس از كلمه ي پرسشي قرار مي دهيم . (اسم هميشه بعد از كلمه ي حذفي قرار دارد).

تذكر : چنانچه كلمه ي حذفي در ابتداي جمله قرار داشته باشد فقط كافي است كه آنرا از جمـــله حذف كنيم و بجاي آن، كلمه ي پرسشي مورد نظر را قرار داده و بقيه ي جمله را بدون تغـــيير بازنويسي كنيم.

1. There is a book on the table. (What)

What is there on the table?

2. This pen is green. (What colour)

What colour is this pen?

3. She goes to school at 5 o’clock. (What time)

What time does she go to school?

4. Today is Monday. (What day)

What day is today?

5. He is playing football slowly. (How)

How is he playing football?

6. They saw him yesterday. (When)

When did they see him?

7. My father is at home. (Where)

Where is he?

8. He is Mr Irani. (Who)

Who is he?

9. I see some buses in the street. (How many)

How many buses do you see in the street?

10. There is a little water in the glass. (How much)

How much water is there in the glass?

11. That was Ali's car. (Whose)

Whose car was that?

12. Ali is that thin boy. (Which)

Which boy is Ali?

13. Mr Irani teaches English well. (Who)

Who teaches English well?

14. Two boys are at school. (How many)

How many boys are at school?

15. The thin girl is a student. (Which)

Which girl is a student?

Who, which and that are relative pronouns. They are usually used in dependent clauses introduced by a main clause:

–I tipped the waiter who (that) served us.
–We thanked the people who (that) helped us.

Note that in the above two examples who and that are substituted for one another. Even though who is more grammatically correct than that in reference to a person or persons, that is heard often in speech.

Who is used only for people. That can be used to refer to a person or thing. Which is used only for things:

–The car, which we rented

Whose is used to show possession. It has the same meaning as other possessive adjectives such as his, hers, its, their, etc.

–There's the man whose house we bought.

–I have a book whose story is fascinating.

Whose modifies people but can also be used with things.

You should learn how to combine short sentences using whose:

–The woman is a talented artist. I saw her paintings.

–The woman whose paintings I saw is a talented artist.

, doesn't work

For people, you will use either who or whom. Who is usually used instead of whom in colloquial speech, even though it is technically incorrect:

–The person who they saw was sick. (informal)

–The person whom they saw was sick. (formal)

–There's the driver who the police arrested. (informal)

–There's the driver whom the police arrested. (formal)

 

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike simple future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.

Future Perfect Forms

Using "Will"

Using "Be Going To"

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Examples:

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in  simple present rather than simple future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.

Examples:

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, present perfect  is used.

Examples:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You are only going to have learned a few words.
• Are you only going to have learned a few words?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. Active
• The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

FORM

[had + past participle]

Examples:

Past Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbsand some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples:

Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

Example:

MOREOVER

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.

Examples:

HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.

Examples:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

has/have + past participle]

Examples:

Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires simple past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs , we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

[was/were + present participle]

Examples:

Past Continuous Forms

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.

Example:

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense simple past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use   .Simple Past

Examples:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

FORM

[am/is/are + present participle]

Examples:

• You are watching TV.
• Are you watching TV?
• You are not watching TV

Present Continuous Forms

USE 1 Now

Use the Present Continuous with normal verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

Examples:

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.

Examples:

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like simple present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use simple present.

Examples:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples: