مطالبی که در این سایت آموزش زبان انگلیسی ، آموزش خواهم داد به طور کلی به چهار بخش تقسیم می شوند.

بخش اول :
مربوط به مکالمات روزمره انگلیسی می شود که در موقعیت های مختلف صورت می گیرد.

توجه : حافظه دارای چهار لایه می باشد. در لایه ی اول اطلاعات به سرعت یاد گرفته می شوند و اگر تکرار صورت نگیرد به همان سرعت این اطلاعات فراموش می شوند مانند شماره تلفنی که برای بار اول می شنویم و می توانیم بگوییم اما اگر این شماره را تکرار نکنیم ، فردای آن روز آن را به خاطر نمی آوریم اما اگر آن را چند بار تکرار کنیم این شماره وارد لایه ی دوم حافظه شده و برای مدت چند روز هم ، شاید به یاد بماند. اگر یک یا چند هفته ی دیگر به آن شماره نیاز داشته باشیم آن را به یاد نخواهیم آورد ولی اگر در زمان های مختلف از این شماره استفاده می کردیم ، این شماره وارد لایه ی سوم میشد و ماندگاری آن بسیار بیشتر و در زمان نیاز راحت تر مورد استفاده واقع می شد. حال اگر اطلاعات وارد شده در لایه ی اول با تکرار و تمرین فراوان باشد و عمل تکرار کردن در زمان های مختلف صورت بگیرد و این عمل استمرار داشته باشد ، اطلاعات به صورت طبقه بندی شده به لایه ی چهارم می رسد و در آن می ماند و در صورت نیاز می توانیم به آسانی و بدون مشکل از این اطلاعات استفاده کنیم . یادگیری زبان انگلیسی  نیز دقیقا به همین شکل است یعنی تا آنجا که می توانید باید لغات را در جملات مفید به کار ببرید و آن ها را در زمان ها و مکان های مختلف تکرار کنید.

در این پست قسمت پنجم آموزش زبان انگلیسی با عنوان جملات رایج در مکالمه انگلیسی را شروع میکنیم.

این پست آخرین قسمت آموزشی از سری جملات پرکاربرد در انگلیسی میباشد که امیدوارم برای زبان آموزان عزیز مفید واقع شده باشد. 

در پست های آینده به صورت دسته بندی شده آموزش مکالمه زبان انگلیسی در موقعیت های مختلف داده خواهد شد تا بتوانید مطالب را بهتر در ذهنتان طبقه بندی کرده و یاد بگیرید. 

 

شما اهل این اطراف نیستید ، اینطور نیست ؟	you're not from around here , are you ?
بسیار خوب . چه کسی دید که چه اتفاقی افتاد ؟	O.K. who saw what happened ?
یک مستخدم کیفهای شما را خواهد آورد	a bellman will bring your bags
آیا می خواهید آن را برای شما نگهدارم ؟	shall i hold it for you ?
آپارتمان در طبقه اول است	the apartment is on the first floor
اگر بخواهید می توانید به راننده انعام بدهید	you can tip the driver if you want
اتاق ، سمت راست شما خواهد بود	the room will be on your right
حتما به محله ی چینی ها (china town) بروید	make sure you go to China town

 

یادگیری زبان انگلیسی مستلزم تلاش زیاد و تکرار است ، و در این راه شیوه آموزش زبان انگلیسی میتواند مسیر شما را در رسیدن به هدف بسیار کمتر کند و یا شما را به سردرگمی بیاندازد.

بنابراین باید به دنبال شیوه های مناسب و بهتر آموزشی باشیم تا مسیر خود را طولانی و سخت نکنیم.

در این سایت از متدهای جدید آموزش زبان انگلیسی استفاده میشود ، تا به عنوان یک سایت آنلاین آموزش زبان انگلیسی شما را به بهترین نحو در رسیدن به هدف کمک کنیم.

قسمت چهارم آموزش زبان انگلیسی با عنوان  جملات پرکاربرد انگلیسی را شروع میکنیم.

در پست های آینده به صورت دسته بندی شده به یادگیری مکالمه زبان انگلیسی می پردازم . بدین گونه که مکالماتی در موقعیت های مختلف برای شما قرار میدهم . اما فعلا هدف آموختن و آشنایی یک سری جملات کلی یا جملات رایج در مکالمه انگلیسی می باشد.

سعی بنده بر این است که آموزش ها با یک شیب منظم و اصولی پیشرفته تر شوند . بنابراین کسانی که به دنبال راهی برای چگونگی آموزش زبان انگلیسی می گردند و نمیتوانند به نتیجه برسند ،مطمئنا این سایت آموزش زبان انگلیسی ، میتواند بهترین گزینه برای رسیدن به هدفشان باشد. آموزش های زیادی برای شما زبان آموزان عزیز در نظر گرفته ام و بهترین شیوه های آموزش زبان انگلیسی را به شما معرفی میکنم.

 

بله . وجود دارد	Yes, there is
شما یک ویزای سه ماهه دارید	you have a visa for three months
کجا دارید می روید ؟	where are you going ?
بفرمایید.(بفرمایید بگیرید . بفرمایید بخورید)	here you are
آنها (مردم) می گویند ، (که) آن یک شهر دوست داشتنی است	they say, its a lovely city
آن جالب است	that's interesting
من بیمه دارم	I have insurance
به من دست نزن	don't touch me
ادی من به یک ویزا نیاز دارم	Eddie, I need a visa
او کاملا شبیه به شما است . (شبیه به ) من ؟	he looks exactly like you. Me?
نام او چیست ؟	what's his name ?
ببخشید ( مرا ببخشید)	excuse me
معذرت می خواهم	I beg your pardon
متاسف هستم . من متوجه نمی شوم	I'm sorry . I dont understand
از شب گذشته تا حالا	since last night
قصد دارم به پلیس تلفن کنم.(میخواهم به پلیس تلفن کنم)	I'm going to call the police
اه .سفر شما چطور (چگونه) بود ؟	Oh, how was your trip ?
شما را به زودی می بینم	I'll see you soon
ما یک آپارتمان مبله داریم	we have one furnished apartment left
شما دو (راه) انتخاب دارید	you have two options
یک بلیط به سانفرانسیسکو	a ticket to San Francisco

توجه: به جای عبارت here you are می توان از عبارت های here it is و یا there you go استفاده کرد.

درست است که این سایت  به صورت  آموزش زبان انگلیسی آنلاین رایگان ، می باشد. اما بنده خود معتقد هستم که انسان اگر کاری را آغاز کرد باید آن را به بهترین شکل ممکن انجام دهد و تمامی تلاش خود را برای به ثمر رساندن آن کار انجام دهد یا اصلا آن کار را شروع نکند.

هدف بنده نیز ایجاد یک سایت آموزش زبان انگلیسی کامل بوده است و این کار را شروع کرده ام. پس زبان آموزان عزیزی که به این سایت مراجعه میکنند مطمئن باشند که آموزش ها به صورت ادامه دار بوده و سعی میکنم کیفیت آموزش ها بالا و بالاتر رود.

قسمت سوم آموزش زبان انگلیسی درباره جملات مفید انگلیسی را شروع می کنیم.  

توجه فرمایید جملات بسیار زیادی در زبان انگلیسی وجود دارد، دلیل اختصاص دادن یک بخش از آموزش های این وبلاگ آموزش زبان انگلیسی به این موضوع با عنوان جملات مفید ، این است که این جملات جزء جملات پرکاربرد زبان انگلیسی به شمار می آیند.

 

زود باش . مایل هستم که شما ، تعدادی از دوستانم را ملاقات کنید	come on. I'd like you to meet some of my friends
بعد از ظهر بخیر. ممکن است پاسپورت شما را ببینم ؟	good afternoon. may I see your passport,please ?
خوشحال هستم که کمک می کنم . این بخشی از کارم است	I'm glad to help . it's part of the job
ما اتاق 758 را برای شما رزرو کرده ایم	we have room 758 reserved for you
حدودا پیاده ده دقیقه راه است	it's about a ten-minute walk
لطفا گوشی را نگهدارید	please hold
اه . انگلیسی شما خیلی خوب است	oh. your English is very good
واقعا . برادرم یک مهندس است	really. my brother is an engineer
شوهر من ، هم یک مهندس است	my husband is an engineer , too
واقعا . رشته ی اصلی خواهر من تجارت است	really. my sister is a business major
واقعا . خواهر من در آلمان زندگی می کند.	really. my sister lives in Germany
بیا برویم یه چیزی برای خوردن تهیه کنیم	let's go get something to eat
بیا در مورد اجاره ی شما صحبت کنیم	let's talk about your lease
لطفا دنبال من بیاید	follow me , please

 

مطمئنا این جملات رایج انگلیسی ، برای شما میتواند بسیار در مکالمات انگلیسی مفید باشد. چون با این جملات میتوانید بسیاری از جملات مشابه دیگر را با همین ساختار بسازید . 

مانند جملات زیر که کاملا ساختار یکسانی دارند :

my brother is an engineer

 my husband is an engineer

سعی میکنم ادامه راه این وبلاگ هم به صورت آموزش زبان انگلیسی قدم به قدم باشد ، تا قابل درک تر و استفاده تر برای زبان آموزان عزیز باشد.

منتظر نظرات سازنده شما هستم.

سری دوم از این قسمت آموزشی که میتوان آن را جملات رایج در مکالمه زبان انگلیسی نیز نامید را آغاز میکنم. 

سعی بنده در این وبلاگ آموزشی بر این است که این سایت به عنوان یک خودآموز آموزش زبان انگلیسی ، بتواند مورد استفاده زبان آموزان عزیز قرار گیرد.

 

من 23 ساله هستم	I'm twenty-three
من 26 ساله هستم	I'm twenty-six
من گرسنه  هستم	I'm hungry
متاسف هستم . شما به پاسپورت نیاز دارید	I'm sorry . you need a passport
متاسف هستم . شما به ویزا نیاز دارید	I'm sorry . you need a Visa
من ورزش را دوست دارم	I like sports
من موسیقی و ورزش را دوست دارم	I like music and sports
من دوست دارم پیاده روی کنم . شما چی ؟	I like to go Hiking . and you?
من همه نوع موسیقی را دوست دارم . شما چطور ؟	I like all kinds of music . how about you?
من موسیقی آر اند بی دوست دارم	I like R and B
من اپرا دوست دارم	I like opera
من هم همینطور	so do I
من هم همینطور	me too
مثل خواهرم	like my sister
مثل دخترم	like my daughter
سلام . باعث خوشحالی است که دوباره شما را می بینم	hello . it's good to see you again
سلام. باعث خوشحالی است که شما را ملاقات می کنم	hello . it's a pleasure to meet you
سلام . از دیدار با شما خوشحال هستم	hello . it's nice to meet you

 

در پست آینده سری بعدی از جملات رایج در انگلیسی را قرار میدهم.این جملات میتوانند کمک زیادی به شما در مدت زمانی کوتاه کنند ، سعی کنید جملات را تکرار کنید تا در ذهنتان باقی بمانند.

اگر در اینترنت به دنبال یک سایت آموزش زبان انگلیسی آنلاین که آموزش را از پایه شروع کرده باشد و به مرور آموزش های  پیشرفته تر را قرار دهد میگردید میتوانید با این آموزش ها به هدف خود برسید.

آموزش زبان انگلیسی گام به گام همراه با اصول درست و هدفمند ، میتواند زمان را در رسیدن به هدف به طور محسوسی کمتر کند ، زیرا زبان آموز دچار سردرگمی نشده و بر اساس یک چارچوب منطقی راه خود را با علاقه ادامه میدهد.

در این قسمت آموزش زبان انگلیسی ، تصمیم گرفتم یک سری از جملات مفید انگلیسی را که میتوانند کاربرد بسیار زیادی داشته باشند را قرار دهم.شاید بتوان به این جملات عنوان جملات مفید انگلیسی در سفر را داد.

این اولین قسمت آموزشی از این جملات میباشد و در پست های بعدی این قسمت را تکمیل تر میکنم.

این قسمت میتواند بسیار مفید برای کسانی باشد که به دنبال آموزش زبان انگلیسی فشرده یا در کوتاه مدت می باشند.

 

عالی است	great
آن عالی است	that's great
خیلی بد	too bad
آن خیلی بد است	that's too bad
حدس بزن	guess
خوب حدسی بود.(تشخیص شما درست بود)	good guess
از شما متشکرم	thank you
خواهش می کنم.(قابلی ندارد)	you're welcome
خوش باش. (خوش باشید)	have fun
از اقامتتان لذت ببرید	enjoy your stay
سفر خوشی داشته باشید	have a nice trip
سفر امنی داشته باشید	have a safe trip
موفق باشید و سفر امنی داشته باشید	good luck and have a safe trip
خوب ، من امیدوارم که شما از اقامتتان در سانفرانسیسکو ، لذت ببرید	well , I hope you enjoy your stay in  San Francisco
من امیدوارم که شما اوقات خوبی در واشینگتن داشته باشید	I hope you have a good time in Washington

 

آموزش زبان انگلیسی از طریق اینترنت میتواند محدودیت هایی داشته باشد، اما بنده در این سایت آموزشی زبان انگلیسی تصمیم دارم مطالب به صورت متنوع و از موضوعات گوناگون و به صورت اصولی باشد تا برای زبان آموزان جذاب تر باشد.

مطمئنا در برخی از آموزش های خود سعی می کنم از آموزش به کمک تصاویر و عکس ها ، قرار دادن نرم افزار های آموزش زبان انگلیسی و معرفی کتاب های مناسب برای زبان انگلیسی نیز بهره ببرم تا سایتی مفید تر برای زبان آموزان عزیز فراهم آورم.

سعی میکنم از متد آموزش زبان انگلیسی به زبان ساده ، استفاده کنم تا از آموزش های داده شده خسته نشوید.

منتظر نظرات سازنده شما هستم.

FORM

[used to + VERB]

Example:

I used to go to the beach every day.

USE 1 Habit in the Past

"Used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now.

Examples:

USE 2 Past Facts and Generalizations

"Used to" can also be used to talk about past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.

Examples:

"Used to" vs. Simple Past

Both simple past  and "Used to" can be used to describe past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however, "used to" is preferred when emphasizing these forms of past repetition in positive sentences. On the other hand, when asking questions or making negative sentences, simple past  is preferred.

Examples:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

حرف تعریف

حـــــروف تعريف

 

در انگليسـي به دو كلمه ي a و an حروف تعريف نامعين و به كلمه ي the حرف تعريف معين گويند.

 

كاربرد حروف تعريف نامعين ( a – an )

1-چنانچه اسمــي از نظر شنونده نامشخص باشد قبل از آن اسم حرف تعريف نامعين بكار مي رود.

تذكر1 : حروف تعريف نامعين فقط قبل از اسمهاي قابل شمارش مفرد بكار مي رود .

تذكر2 : an را قبل از اسمهاي مفردي بكار مي بريم كه با يكي از حــروف صدادار ( a –e –i-o –u  ) شروع شده باشند . قبل از بقيه ي اسمها a  بكار مي رود .

a / book-teacher-radio-man

an / apple-arm-hour-engineer

 

تذكر3 : اگر بخواهيم اسمي را كه با يك صفت همراه است بشكل نكـــره بيان كنيم ، a يا an را قبل از صفت بكار مي بريم .

2- a يا an عـــلاوه بر اينكه اسم را نكره مي كند ، قبل از نام شغلها بكــار رفته و در اين حالت معني  نمي دهند .

He is a doctor.               He is an engineer.

 

كاربرد حرف تعريف معين ( the )

1-چنانچه اسمي از نظر شنونده معلوم و مشخص ( معرفه ) باشد ، قبل از آن اسم حرف تعريف معين بكار مي رود ولي چنانچه اسمي بطور عـام و كلـي در جمله اي مطـرح شود نيازي به حـــرف تعريف نيست .

Books are good friends.

The books which you bought are interesting.

 

در جمله ي اول كلمــه ي books بطور عام مطرح شده است كه در اينصورت نيازي به the نيست در حاليكه در جمله ي دوم books از نظر شنونده مشخص و معلــوم مي باشد كه اين صورت قبل از آن the بكار رفته است .

تذكر : the بر خلاف a يا an مي تواند قبل از انواع اسمها ، چه مفرد و چه جمع و چه قابل شمارش و چه غير قابل شمارش قرار گيرد .

2-علاوه بر كاربرد كلي فوق كه براي the ذكر شد ، در موارد زير نيز حتمأ از the استفاده مي شود .

a ) قبل از نام اشياء منحصر به فرد جهــان مانند خورشيد ، ماه ، زمين و جهـــات جغرافيايي از the استفاده مي شود .

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

 

b ) چنانچه اسم نكــره اي براي بار دوم يا بيشتر در جمله اي ذكــر شود ، آن اسم بدنبال the بكــار ميرود .

Yesterday I saw a man. The man was crossing the street.

 

c ) چنانچه بعد از اسمي يكي از ضماير موصولي نظير who-whom-which و … آمده باشد ، قبـل از آن اسم از the استفاده مي شود .

The man who is coming here is Ali's father.

 

d ) چنانچه دو اسم بوسيله ي حرف اضافه of در حالت اضافه قرار گيرند ، قبـــل از آن دو اسم the بكار مي رود .

This is the door of the classroom.

 

e ) قبل از صفات عالي از حرف تعريف the استفاده مي شود .

He is the tallest man.

 

f ) در جملات امري بعد از فعل اصلي اسم همراه the بكار مي رود .

Clean the blackboard ,  please.

 

g ) كلماتي مانند صبح ، بعدازظهر ، عصر كه به اجزاء روز مربوط مي شوند هميشه همراه the بكـار مي روند .

the / morning-afternoon-evening

I get up early in the morning.

 

در موارد زير the بكار نمي رود .

1-قبل از نام قاره ها ، كشورها ، استانها ، شهرها و روستاها

I live in Isfahsn.

2-قبل از اسمهاي خاص مانند : علي ، رضا و …

Do you know Ali?

3-قبل از روزهاي هفته و نام ماههاي سال

We went to Mashad in Mehr.

اسم در نقش صفت

 

اســــم در نقش صفت

 

در زبان انگليسي گاهــي يك اسم قبل از اسم ديگري در نقش صفت ظـــاهر مي شود و آن را توصيف مي كند. چنين اســمي ( اسم در نقش صفت ) اولاً بايد مفــرد باشد و ثانياً محل آن بــــلافاصله قبل از موصوف مي باشد .

تذكر1 : توجه داشته باشيد كه (s) در بعضي از كلمــات مانند : news – physics و … s جمع نيست .

news report  _  physics  teacher

 

تذكر2: همانگونه كه مي دانيد يكي ديگر از راههاي معمــــول براي توصيف اسم، استفاده از صفت قبل از اسم مي باشد .

a good – beautiful – fat – thin – happy – clever / girl

 

تذكر3: با جابجا كردن اسم ها معني عبارت تغيير مي كند .

گل باغچه اي                          a  garden flower

باغچه ي گل                            a flower garden

 

كارگر شب(شب كار) a night worker                  

شب كارگر            a worker night

 

( قید Adverb )

 

تعریف : به کلمه ای گفته می شود که چگونگی فعل صفت یا قید دیگری را توصیف می کند. مثل :

 

1) He runs quickly.   2) They are very bad.   3) She came quiet carelessly.

 

در جمله اول قید مورد نظر چگونگی فعل را توصیف می کند و در جمله دوم قید مورد نظر صفت را توصیف می کند و در چمله سوم قید مورد نظر قید دیگر را توصیف می کند.

 

انواع قید :

 

1) قیدهای حالت مثل : quickly-  gracefully – kindly

2) قیدهای زمان مثل : today – yesterday – recently – later  

3) قیدهای مکان مثل : here – away – outside  

4) قیدهای  کمی مثل :  So - too

5) قیدهای تکرار مثل : often – rarely – seldom – regularly

 

قید های حالت که حالت و چگونگی انجام کاری  را نشان می دهد. معمولا این قیدها  بعد از فعل قرار می گیرند وچنانچه آن فعل دارای مفعول باشد این قیدها بعد از مفعول قرار می گیرند. این قیدها در ابتدای وسط و انتهای جمله قرار می گیرند. مثل :

Softly, he gets the paper. (ابتدا)

He quickly ran away. (وسط)

She dances gracefully. (انتها)

چگونگی ساخت قید حالت:

اکثر قیدهای حالت به lyختم می شوند یعنی با اضافه کردن (ly) به آخر صفات به وجود می آیند. مثل :

               +  صفت ly                Hard                   Hardly

 

نکته: بعضی از قیود مانند(slow – clear – quick) هستند که ما بدون اضافه کردن (ly) و همراه با (ly) می توانیم ازآنها استفاده کنیم.  مثل :

She explains the problem clear(ly).

 

نکته : تعدادی از قیود هستند که هم به عنوان صفت و هم به عنوان قید بکار می روند و عبارتند از :

( fast – hard – low – long – late )

مثل :

She has a hard work. (صفت)                          She works hard.  (قید)

  It is a long wall. (صفت)         He stayed here as long as he can. (قید)

         That is the back door. (صفت)                         Go back. (قید)

 

قیدهای زمانکه زمان انجام کاری را بیان می کنند. این قیود به دو نوع معین و نامعین تقسیم می شوند که بعضی از آنها عبارتند از :

 

( yesterday – today – tomorrow ) قیود زمان معین 

( recently – later – afterwards – already ) قیود زمان نامعین

 

نکته : معمولا قیدهای معین در جملات ساده در آخر جمله قرار می گیرد اما چنانچه جمله مرکب بود قید را در اول جمله می آوریم. مثل :

She went to the bookshop yesterday.

Tomorrow, we will leave for trip.

مثال برای قیود زمان نامعین :

Recently, the news about the Iraq’s security has not been good.

 

قیدهای مکانکه بیانگر محل وقوع کاری هستند و معمولا بعد از فعل قرار می گیرند اما می توان آنها را در اول یا آخر جمله قرار داد. بعضی از آنها عبارتند از :

 

( in/inside – under – above – here – there – near – far – below )

 مثل :

She came to here one hour ago.

We can go to everywhere we want.

 

Outside, it was bitterly cold.   (ابتدا)

It is hot outside.  (انتها)

 

قیدهای  کمیکه کمیت و مقدار صفت یا قیدی را نشان می دهند. که عبارتند از :

(Enough) به معنی کافی است یعنی حالت یا صفت بکار رفته به حد کفایت می باشد و به دو صورت در جملات قرار می گیرند :

Noun + Enough

مثل :

I had not enough money for that car.

 He has enough courage to be a captain.

 

Adverb or Adjective + Enough

مثل :

This milk is not hot enough to drink.

It is not easy enough for this job.

 

 

قیدهای تکرار که بیانگر تعداد دفعات انجام کاری است که نامشخص تکرار شده است و معمولا قبل از فعل اصلی قرار می گیرد اما اگر افعالی مانند (am – is – are – was – were) در جمله باشد قید تکرار بعد از آنها قرار می گیرد. قیود تکراربه نسبت تعداد تکرار آنها  عبارتند از :

 

(از چپ به راست تعداد دفعات کمتر می شود)

 

Always>Usually>Often>Sometimes>Now & then>

                   

                           >>>Occasionally>Not often>Hardly ever>Rarely>Never

 

(Now & then)  گاهگاهی                      (Occasionally)   بعضی مواقع

(Hardly ever)   تقریبا هرگز                  (Rarely)      به ندرت

 

It often rains in North of Iran.    (قبل از فعل اصلی)

It always snows in Arrak in winter.  

The temperature in Ilam hardly ever gets to 30º in Winter.

 

He is often here at 6 o’clock in the morning.   (بعد از افعال موردنظر)

You are usually in restaurant at noon.

Situation: My sister is untidy. (Verb "to be" in the present simple)
Wish:I wish she was tidier. (Verb "to be" in past simple)

Situation: I am going to London next week. (Verb "to go" in present continuous)
Wish: "I wish I wasn't going to London next week." (Verb "to go" in past continuous)

Situation: I haven't studied for the English test. (Verb "to study" in present perfect)
Wish: "I wish I had studied for the English test." (Verb "to study" in past perfect)

Wish and past situations

Situation: I didn't go on holiday this year. (Verb "to go" is in past simple)
Wish: "I wish I had gone on holiday this year. (Verb "to go" is in past perfect.)

Wish with modal verbs

With could to refer to ability

Situation: I can't play a musical instrument.
Wish: "I wish I could play a musical instrument."

With would to refer to habits and free will

Situation: He whistles in the office.
Wish: I wish he wouldn't whistle in the office. (In this sentence you are stressing the fact he wants to whistle and makes a habit of it.)

You could also say: "I wish he didn't whistle in the office." (In this sentence you aren't stressing his desire to whistle, but you are just making a comment about a present situation.)

جملات معلوم ومجهول

جملات معلوم و مجهول

جمله ي معلوم : جمله ي معلوم جمله اي است كه فاعل آن مشخص باشد .

جمله ي مجهول : جمله ي مجهول جمله اي است كه فاعل آن ( كننده ي كار ) مشخص نيست .

 اينگونه جملات را هنگامي بكار مي بريم كه :

1- فاعل جمله مشخص نباشد .

2- فاعل از درجه ي اهميت كمي برخوردار باشد لذا گوينده از ذكر آن خودداري مي كند و يا اينكه فاعل  را در آخر جمله ذكر مي كند .                                     

3- مفعول و نوع عمل از اهميت ويژه اي برخوردار باشد .

طريقه مجهول كردن جملات معلوم

براي تبديل جملات معلوم به مجهول مراحل زير را انجام مي دهيم :

1- مفعول جمله ي معلوم را به ابتداي جمله ي مجهول انتقال مي دهيم .

2- با توجه به زمان فعل جمله ي معلوم از يكي از افعال to be استفاده مي كنيم .

تذكر1 : چنانچه فعل جمله ي معلوم حال ساده باشد از يكي از افعال am-are-is استفاده مي كنيـــم .

           چنانچه فعل جمله ي معلوم گذشته ساده باشد از يكي از افعال was-were استفاده مي كنيم .

           چنانچه فعل جمله ي معلوم آينده ساده باشد از فعل will be استفاده مي كنيم .

           چنانچه فعل جمله معلوم ماضي نقلي باشد از have/has been استفاده مي كنيم.

           چنانچه فعل جمله معلوم ماضي بعيد باشد از had been استفاده مي كنيم.

           چنانچه فعل جمله معلوم آينده قصدي باشد از am/is/are going to be استفاده مي كنيم.

تذكر2 : فعل to be را متناسب با مفعول جمله ي مجهول بكار مي بريم .

3- اسم مفعول ( شكل سوم فعل ) فعل اصلي جمله ي معلوم را بعد از فعل to be در جمله ي مجــهول    بكار مي بريم .

4- بقيه ي جمله ي معلوم را پس از اسم مفعول در جمله ي مجهول بازنويسي مي كنيم .

يادآوري : جملات معلومي را مي توان به مجهول تبديل كرد كه فعل آن متعددي  بوده و پس آن مفعول  بكار رفته باشد .بنابراين جملات معلومي كه فعل آن لازم باشد را نمي توان به مجهول تبديل كرد زيرا در اينگونه جملات مفعول وجود ندارد .

        بقيه ي جمله + مفعول + فعل اصلي + فاعل = جمله ي مـعلوم 

بقيه ي جمله + اسم مفعول + يكي از اشكال to be + مفعول = جمله ي مجهول

تذكر : چنانچه مفعول در جمله ي معلوم بشكل ضمير مفعولي بكار رفته باشد هنگامي كه آنرا به ابتداي

         جمله ي مجهول منتقل مي كنيم مي بايست آنرا بشكل ضمير فاعلي مشابهش تبديل كنيم .

me                       I                             us                        we 

you                    you                         you                       you

him                     he                          them                    they

her                     she   

it                         it

 

Remember, a pronoun is used in place of a noun. Subject pronouns come in front of verbs, and object pronouns follow them:

EXAMPLES

–We see our friends.
–>We see them. (them takes the place of our friends)

–Call the waiter.
–>Call him. (i.e., the waiter)

–They like coffee.
–>They like it. (i.e., coffee)

افعال مجهول (the passive voice)

 

در جملات معلوم (active)، فاعل به عامل يا کننده عمل فعل دلالت دارد. در واقع ما از افعال معلوم براي بيان اينکه فاعل چه کاري را انجام دهد استفاده مي‌کنيم. به اين مثالها توجه کنيد:

• The dog chased the cat. (سگ گربه را دنبال کرد)

• My father built this house in 1960. (پدرم اين خانه را در سال 1960 ساخت)

ولي جملات مجهول (passive) به ما اين اجازه را مي‌دهند که کسي يا چيزي را که کننده يا انجام دهنده عملي نيست (غير عامل) در جاي فاعل قرار دهيم. در واقع از افعال مجهول براي بيان اينکه چه عملي بر روي فاعل اتفاق مي‌افتد، استفاده مي‌شود:

 

 

• The cat was chased by the dog. (گربه توسط سگ دنبال شد)

• This house was built in 1960. (اين خانه در سال 1960 ساخته شد)

هنگام استفاده از حالت مجهول، توجه داشته باشيد که در اغلب موارد اينکه چه کسي يا چه چيزي عمل را انجام مي‌دهد نا معلوم يا بي‌اهميت است. مثلاً در جمله زير اينکه چه کسي اتاق را تميز مي‌کند براي گوينده اهميتي ندارد:

• This room is cleaned every day. (اين اتاق هر روز تميز مي‌شود)

ولي اگر بخواهيم بيان کنيم که چه کسي (يا چه چيزي) آن عمل را انجام داده است، در اين صورت بايد از حرف اضافه by استفاده کنيم:

 

This house was built by my father.  (اين خانه توسط پدرم ساخته شد) This picture was painted by a great painter. (اين نقاشي توسط يک نقاش بزرگ کشيده شده )

 

ساختار

بطور کلي براي ساخت صيغه مجهول فعل معلوم، فعل to be را به همان زمان فعل معلوم مي‌آوريم و اسم مفعول همان فعل را به آن مي‌افزاييم:

• معلوم: Somebody cleans this room every day.

• مجهول: This room is cleaned every day.

• معلوم: He bought this car last week.

• مجهول: This car was bought last week.

در جدول زير مي‌توانيد فهرست افعال معلوم و معادل مجهول آنها را ملاحظه کنيد:

 

زمان	معلوم	مجهول
حال ساده	keeps نگه مي‌دارد	is kept    نگهداري مي‌شود
حال استمراري	is keeping دارد نگه مي‌دارد	is being kept در حال نگهداري شدن است
گذشته ساده	kept نگه داشت	was kept نگهداري شد
گذشته استمراري	was keeping داشت نگه مي‌داشت	was being kept در حال نگهداري شدن بود
حال کامل	has kept نگه داشته است	has been kept نگهداري شده است
گذشته کامل	had kept نگه داشته بود	had been kept نگهداري شده بود
آينده	will keep نگه خواهد داشت	will be kept نگهداري خواهد شد
شرطي	would keep نگه مي‌داشت	would be kept نگهداري مي‌شد
شرطي کامل	would have kept نگه داشته بودند	would have been kept نگهداري شده بود
مصدر	to keep نگه داشتن	to be kept نگهداري شدن
مصدر حال کامل	to have kept نگه داشتن	to have been kept نگهداري شدن
وجه مصدري اسم مصدر	keeping نگهداري	being kept نگهداري شدن

Suffixes  are letters added at the end of a word to (form a derivative) make another word .

 

صفت= ful + اسم

colour  + ful           colourfulرنگي                      

power + ful            powerfulقدرتمند                   

use + ful                  useful مفيد                         

 

صفت= ous + اسم

fame + ous                  famouseمشهور                 

danger + ous              dangerousخطرناك              

mystery + ous           mysteriousمرموز               

 

صفت منفي=less  +  اسم

care + less                 carele بي دقت                       

use + less                  useless                     بي فايده 

hope + less                hopeless   نا اميد                    

 

اسم=ship + اسم

friend + ship                 friendshipدوستي             

relation + ship              relationshipرابطه             

man + ship                    manship     انساني                

 

صفت=y + اسم

rain + y                   rainy باراني                         

sun + y                  sunny                آفتابي         

water + y               watery                           آبكي

 

قيد حالت= ly + صفت

bright + ly                brightlyبه روشني                      

happy + ly                happily با خوشحالي                 

sad + ly                     sadly با ناراحتي                        

 

صفت= ly + اسم

friend + ly               friendlyدوستانه                              

day + ly                   daily روزانه                                     

cost + ly                 costly قيمتي                            

 

فعل= en+ صفت

short + en               shorten  كوتاه كردن                         

sharp + en               sharpen تيز كردن                           

weak + en               weaken ضعيف كردن                  

 

صفت=al  + اسم

nature + al                 naturalطبيعي                        

person + al                personal    شخصي              

univere + al              universal جهاني                    

 

اسم=ness + صفت

good + ness                goodness خوبي                   

weak + ness                weaknessضعف                    

busy + ness                business شغل                

 

صفت= en + اسم

gold + en                    goldenطلايي                              

wood + en                  wooden      چوبي                   

wool + en                   woolenپشمي                   

 

اسم = th + صفت

Warm + th                      warmthگرما                         

hong + th                       length                           درازا

wide + th                       widthپهنا                       

 

اسم = tion + فعل

explain + tion              explanationتوضيح                   

direct + tion                directionجهت                        

migrate + tion             migrationمهاجرت             

 

اسم= al + فعل

arrive + al                      arrivalورود                       

deny + al                        denialانكار                        

refuse + al                      refusalامتناع               

 

اسم= ence /ance + فعل

exist + ence               existenceوجود                     

guide + ance              guidanceراهنمايي                 

refer + ence               referenceمرجع              

 

اسم=ment + فعل

agree + ment                 agreement   توافق                 

move + ment                 movementحركت                 

punish + ment               punishment  مجازات       

 

اسم = ing + فعل

drive + ing                  drivingرانندگي                      

smoke + ing                smoking  سيگار                    

run + ing                    runningدو                    

 

صفت فاعلي= ing + فعل

bore + ing                   boringخسته كننده                   

interest + ing              interestingجالب                        

surprise + ing             surprisingتعجب آور       

 

اسم فاعل=er + فعل

play + er                   player              بازيكن         

teach + er                 teacher                   مدرس    

write + er                 writerنويسنده                   

 

صفت مفعولي= ed + فعل

confuse + ed                 confusedگيج شده                    

excite + ed                    excitedهيجان زده                 

shock + ed                   shockedتكان خورده 

کار برد it

كــــــــــاربردهاي It

It در انگليسي كاربردهاي متعددي دارد كه به برخي از آنها در زير اشاره مي شود.

1- اشاره به شي ء مفرد

There is a car in the street. It is blue.

2- اشاره به زمان

It is Monday.

It is 2 o'clock.

3- اشاره به هوا

It is raining. It is cold.

4- اشاره به مسافت

It is 10 Kms from here to Isfahan.

5- اشاره به شخص نامشخص

Who is it on the phone?

6- كاربرد در فرمول زير

بقيه جمله + مصدر با to + صفت + is /was  + It

                                            

It is easy to learn English.

نمونه سوال

زير گزينه ي صحيح خط بكشيد.

1. A: How is the weather?   B: …………. is cold.

a. That                 b. This                    c. It                         d. There

 

2. A: What day is today?   B: ………… is Saturday.

a. It                     b. That                    c. This                    d. It’s

 

3. It was easy ………………. in that river.

a. swim              b. swimming            c. to swim           d. swam               

 

4. A: How far is ……………. to your school?  B: 200 meters.

a. that                  b. this                   c. there               d. it

 

5. A: What is …………… in your hand?  B: A pen

a. it                      b. they                  c. those              d. these                

 

 

 

يكي از كاربردهاي it استفاده در فرمول زير مي باشد كه نشان دهنده يك امر كلي و عمومي

مي باشد .

It + is / was + صفت + to مصدر با + بقيه جمله

 

It is important to learn a foreign language.

It is dangerous to swim in the river.

It was difficult to climb a tall tree.

 

چنانچه بخواهيد شخص خاصي را مورد نظر قرار دهيد از فرمول زير استفاده مي كنيد .

It + is / was + صفت + ( for +  ( مفعول + to مصدر با + بقيه جمله

It is necessary for you to come on time.

It was easy for Ali to speak English.

 

مي توان جملات فوق را بشكل زير تغيير داد .

It is dangerous to drive carelessly.

Driving carelessly is dangerous.

 

It is forbidden to smoke in this room.

Smoking in this room is forbidden

زمان آينده ي نزديك ( آينده ي قصدي )

 

از اين زمان براي بيان كارهاي قطعي و معين در زمان آينده ي نزديك استفاده مي شود . در ترجمه اين زمان از عباراتي نظير قصد دارم يا مي خواهم استفاده مي كنيم .

 

فاعل         + am / are / is + going to + شكل ساده فعل اصلي + بقيه جمله

 

 

طريقه سوالي و منفي كردن اين زمان

براي سوالي كردن اين زمان فعل to be يعني am – are – is  به اول جمله منتقل مي شود . و براي منفي كردن اين زمان بعد از فعل to be كلمه ي not اضافه مي شود .

                He is going to play football.

(جمله سوالي) Is he going to play football?

(جمله منفي)   He is not going to play football.

 

يادآوري :

تفاوت اين زمان با آينده ساده در اين است كه در اين زمان از قبل براي انجام كار مورد نظر برنامه ريزي شده است ولي زمان آينده ساده را هنگامي بكار مي بريم كه تصميم جدي يا برنامه قطعي براي انجام كار گرفته نشده است .

-          I will study English.

-          I am going to study English.

 

نمونه سوال :

گزينه درست را انتخاب كنيد .

1. I am going to ………………. to the radio.

   a. listening                 b. listened                c. listen                d. listens

 

2. They're going ………………. to Isfahan by train.

   a. travel                     b. traveling               c. traveled             d. to travel

 

3. Ali is ……………… to write a letter for his brother.

   a. going                     b. walking               c. writing               d. reading

 

4. Are you …………….. to paint the door ?

   a. go                           b. to go                c. going                  d. went

 

5. Mr Karimi ……………….. not going to study physics.

   a. was                         b. were                 c. is                       d. are

نكـــــاتي درباره ي no-any-some

 

some به معني مقداري يا تعدادي صفت مقدار مي باشد و مي تواند قبل از اسمهاي قابل شمارش جـمع و همچنين قبل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار رود .

 

I have some books.

I have some money.

Some

 اغلب در جمــلات مثبت بــكار مي رود و معادل آن در جملات منفي و سـوالي كلمه ي any  به معني هيچ يا اصــلأ مي باشد . توضيح اينكه any همــانند some مـي تواند هم قبـل از اسمهاي قابــل شمارش جمع و هم قبل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار رود .

 

There are some pens on the table.

There are not any pens on the table.

Are there any pens on the table?

 

 تذكر1 : در جمـــلات منفي مي توانيم تركيب not any را حذف كرده و بجاي آنــــها كلمـه ي no را قـرار دهيم . no نيز همــانند some و any هم قبل از اسمهاي قابــــل شمارش جمـع و هم قبــــل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار مي رود .

تذكر2 : no در جملات مثبت بكار مي رود ولي به جمله مفهوم منفي مي بخشد .

 

There are not any pens on the table.

There are no pens on the table.

 

I did not drink any milk.

I drank no milk.

 

 يادآوري :كلمات مركبي كه با some – any و no ساخته مي شوند نيزاز قوانين فوق پيروي مي كنند.

somebody – someone - something

anybody – anyone - anything

nobody - no one - nothing

 

I see somebody in the library.

She didn't eat anything.

You will say nothing.

 

زير گرينه ي درست خط بكشيد.

1. I didn't see …………….. money in the box .

a.any                    b.no                          c.many                        d.some             

 

2. Do you see ……………. snow on the ground ?

a.no                      b.many                     c.any                           d.some

 

3. There is …………… water in the glass.

a.no                      b.some                     c.little                          d.a,b and c

 

4. I didn’t ask …………… to help me.

a.nobody              b.somebody                c.anybody                      d.a and c

اسم مصدر Gerund   در انگليسي اسم مصدر را با اضافه كردن ing  به انتهاي شكل ساده فعل بوجود مي آورند . اسم مصدر در جمله همانند اسم عمل مي كند . smoking – swimming – speaking – watching موارد استفاده از اسم مصدر به شرح زير مي باشد : 1-     به عنوان مبتداي جمله Learning English is not difficult.   2-     به عنوان مفعول جمله كه در اين حالت پس از برخي از افعال بكار ميرود . I like swimming in the river.   تذكر : افعالي كه پس از آنها مي توان از اسم مصدر استفاده كرد عبارتند از : avoid – enjoy – finish – imagine – keep – mind – miss – like – stop – mind – dislike تذكر : پس از برخي از افعال هم مي توان از اسم مصدر و هم از مصدر با  to استفاده كرد . تعدادي از اين افعال عبارتند از : allow – begin – forget – mean – like – prefer – remember – agree   He likes to go / going to the park.   3-     پس از حروف اضافه مانند : on – in – at – from – of ) ( از اسم مصدر استفاده مي شود . I am tired of sitting here.   4- پس از تركيبات زير از اسم مصدر استفاده مي شود . It's no good – It's no use – can't help – can't stand It is no good going outside in this rainy day.   يادآوري :اسم مصدر مي تواند به تنهايي يا همراه يك عبارت بكار رود . Learning is easy. Learning English is easy. Learning English at school is easy.   1. I’m tired of ……………… on this chair.     a. sitting               b. sit                      c. sat                      d. to sit   2. My brother enjoys ……………… in the river.     a. swim               b. to swim              c. swimming          d. swam   3. Is it dangerous to drive on this road? No, ……………… on this road is not dangerous.     a. drove              b. driving                c. drive                  d. drives

 

 

 

 

كلمات پرسشي به دو دسته تقسيم مي شوند :

الف) كلمات پرسشي دسته ي اول :

بعد از كلمات پرسشي دسته ي اول همواره جمله به شكل سوالي بكار مي رود.

ب) كلمات پرسشي دسته ي دوم :

بعد از كلمات پرسشي دسته ي دوم ابتدا اسم بكار رفته و پس از اسم جمله به شكل سوالي بكار مي رود.

براي سوالي كردن جملات انگليسي به وسيله ي كلمات پرسشي مراحل زير را انجام مي دهيم .

1- كلمه ي پرسشي مورد نظر را در ابتداي جمله سوالي قرار مي دهيم.

2- پس از كلمه ي پرسشي جمله را به شكل سوالي در مي آوريم.

3- با توجه به معني كلمه ي پرسشي و طبق جداول فوق كلمه يا كلمات حذفي را از جمله حذف مي كنيم .

4- چنانچه كلمه ي پرسشي جزء كلمات پرسشي نوع دوم باشد، اسم را در جمله پيدا كرده و آنرا

پس از كلمه ي پرسشي قرار مي دهيم . (اسم هميشه بعد از كلمه ي حذفي قرار دارد).

 

تذكر : چنانچه كلمه ي حذفي در ابتداي جمله قرار داشته باشد فقط كافي است كه آنرا از جمـــله حذف كنيم و بجاي آن، كلمه ي پرسشي مورد نظر را قرار داده و بقيه ي جمله را بدون تغـــيير بازنويسي كنيم.

 

1. There is a book on the table. (What)

What is there on the table?

 

2. This pen is green. (What colour)

What colour is this pen?

 

3. She goes to school at 5 o’clock. (What time)

What time does she go to school?

 

4. Today is Monday. (What day)

What day is today?

 

5. He is playing football slowly. (How)

How is he playing football?

 

6. They saw him yesterday. (When)

When did they see him?

 

7. My father is at home. (Where)

Where is he?

 

8. He is Mr Irani. (Who)

Who is he?

 

9. I see some buses in the street. (How many)

How many buses do you see in the street?

 

10. There is a little water in the glass. (How much)

How much water is there in the glass?

 

11. That was Ali's car. (Whose)

Whose car was that?

 

12. Ali is that thin boy. (Which)

Which boy is Ali?

 

13. Mr Irani teaches English well. (Who)

Who teaches English well?

 

14. Two boys are at school. (How many)

How many boys are at school?

 

15. The thin girl is a student. (Which)

Which girl is a student?

Who, which and that are relative pronouns. They are usually used in dependent clauses introduced by a main clause:

–I tipped the waiter who (that) served us.
–We thanked the people who (that) helped us.

Note that in the above two examples who and that are substituted for one another. Even though who is more grammatically correct than that in reference to a person or persons, that is heard often in speech.

Who is used only for people. That can be used to refer to a person or thing. Which is used only for things:

–The car, which we rented

Whose is used to show possession. It has the same meaning as other possessive adjectives such as his, hers, its, their, etc.

–There's the man whose house we bought.

–I have a book whose story is fascinating.

Whose modifies people but can also be used with things.

You should learn how to combine short sentences using whose:

–The woman is a talented artist. I saw her paintings.

–The woman whose paintings I saw is a talented artist.

, doesn't work

For people, you will use either who or whom. Who is usually used instead of whom in colloquial speech, even though it is technically incorrect:

–The person who they saw was sick. (informal)

–The person whom they saw was sick. (formal)

–There's the driver who the police arrested. (informal)

–There's the driver whom the police arrested. (formal)

 

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike simple future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.

Future Perfect Forms

 

Using "Will"

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I will have stopped. You will have stopped. We will have stopped. They will have stopped. He will have stopped. She will have stopped. It will have stopped.	I will not have stopped. You will not have stopped. We will not have stopped. They will not have stopped. He will not have stopped. She will not have stopped. It will not have stopped.	Will I have stopped? Will you have stopped? Will we have stopped? Will they have stopped? Will he have stopped? Will she have stopped? Will it have stopped?

Using "Be Going To"

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I am going to have stopped. You are going to have stopped. We are going to have stopped. They are going to have stopped. He is going to have stopped. She is going to have stopped. It is going to have stopped.	I am not going to have stopped. You are not going to have stopped. We are not going to have stopped. They are not going to have stopped. He is not going to have stopped. She is not going to have stopped. It is not going to have stopped.	Am I going to have stopped? Are you going to have stopped? Are we going to have stopped? Are they going to have stopped? Is he going to have stopped? Is she going to have stopped? Is it going to have stopped?

 

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Examples:

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in  simple present rather than simple future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.

Examples:

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, present perfect  is used.

Examples:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You are only going to have learned a few words.
• Are you only going to have learned a few words?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. Active
• The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

 

 

FORM

 

[had + past participle]

Examples:

Past Perfect Forms

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I had finished. You had finished. We had finished. They had finished. He had finished. She had finished. It had finished.	I had not finished. You had not finished. We had not finished. They had not finished. He had not finished. She had not finished. It had not finished.	Had I finished? Had you finished? Had we finished? Had they finished? Had he finished? Had she finished?

 

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbsand some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples:

Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

Example:

MOREOVER

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.

Examples:

HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.

Examples:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

has/have + past participle]

Examples:

Present Perfect Forms

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I have traveled. You have traveled. We have traveled. They have traveled. He has traveled. She has traveled. It has traveled.	I have not traveled. You have not traveled. We have not traveled. They have not traveled. He has not traveled. She has not traveled. It has not traveled.	Have I traveled? Have you traveled? Have we traveled? Have they traveled? Has he traveled? Has she traveled? Has it traveled?

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires simple past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs , we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 

[was/were + present participle]

Examples:

Past Continuous Forms

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I was singing. You were singing. We were singing. They were singing. He was singing. She was singing. It was singing.	I was not singing. You were not singing. We were not singing. They were not singing. He was not singing. She was not singing. It was not singing.	Was I singing? Were you singing? Were we singing? Were they singing? Was he singing? Was she singing? Was it singing?

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.

Example:

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense simple past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use   .Simple Past

Examples:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

FORM

[am/is/are + present participle]

Examples:

• You are watching TV.
• Are you watching TV?
• You are not watching TV

Present Continuous Forms

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I am speaking. You are speaking. We are speaking. They are speaking. He is speaking. She is speaking. It is speaking.	I am not speaking. You are not speaking. We are not speaking. They are not speaking. He is not speaking. She is not speaking. It is not speaking.	Am I speaking? Are you speaking? Are we speaking? Are they speaking? Is he speaking? Is she speaking? Is it speak

USE 1 Now

Use the Present Continuous with normal verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

Examples:

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.

Examples:

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like simple present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use simple present.

Examples:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 

Most Verbs

Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below.

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I waited. You waited. We waited. They waited. He waited. She waited. It waited.	I did not wait. You did not wait. We did not wait. They did not wait. He did not wait. She did not wait. It did not wait.	Did I wait? Did you wait? Did we wait? Did they wait? Did he wait? Did she wait? Did it wait?

Irregular Verbs

 

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I had. You had. We had. They had. He had. She had. It had.	I did not have. You did not have. We did not have. They did not have. He did not have. She did not have. It did not have.	Did I have? Did you have? Did we have? Did they have? Did he have? Did she have? Did it have?

To Be

The verb "be" is also irregular in the Simple Past. Unlike other irregular verbs, there are two Simple Past forms: "was" and "were." It also has different question forms and negative forms. Always remember that you DO NOT use "did" with the verb "be" in the Simple Past.

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I was. You were. We were. They were. He was. She was. It was.	I was not. You were not. We were not. They were not. He was not. She was not. It was not.	Was I? Were you? Were we? Were they? Was he? Was she? Was it?

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs behave very strangely in the Simple Past. The most important verb to remember is "must." Notice how it becomes "had to" in the Simple Past.

"Must" becomes "had to":

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to" To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to"

Examples:

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

Simple Present Forms

Most Verbs

Most verbs conjugate like the verb "run" below. Notice how you add an "s" to third-person forms. Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using "does."

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I run. You run. We run. They run. He runs. She runs. It runs.	I do not run. You do not run. We do not run. They do not run. He does not run. She does not run. It does not run.	Do I run? Do you run? Do we run? Do they run? Does he run? Does she run? Does it run?

Instead of "s," "es" is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special "es"-forms have been marked below with an asterisk*.

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I rush. You rush. We rush. They rush. He rushes. * She rushes. * It rushes. *	I do not rush. You do not rush. We do not rush. They do not rush. He does not rush. She does not rush. It does not rush.	Do I rush? Do you rush? Do we rush? Do they rush? Does he rush? Does she rush? Does it rush?

To Have

The verb "have" is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been marked below with an asterisk*.

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I have. You have. We have. They have. He has. * She has. * It has. *	I do not have. You do not have. We do not have. They do not have. He does not have. She does not have. It does not have.	Do I have? Do you have? Do we have? Do they have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have?

To Be

The verb "be" is irregular in the Simple Present. It also has different question forms and negative forms.

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I am. You are. We are. They are. He is. She is. It is.	I am not. You are not. We are not. They are not. He is not. She is not. It is not.	Am I? Are you? Are we? Are they? Is he? Is she? Is it?

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs behave differently from other verbs. Notice that they do not take "s" in the third person - there is no difference between first-person, second-person or third-person forms. Like the verb "be" described above, modal verbs also have different question forms and negative forms in Simple Present.

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I should go. You should go. We should go. They should go. He should go. She should go. It should go.	I should not go. You should not go. We should not go. They should not go. He should not go. She should not go. It should not go.	Should I go? Should you go? Should we go? Should they go? Should he go? Should she go? Should it go?

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Examples:

• I am here now.
• She is not here now.
• He needs help right now.
• He does not need help now.
• He has his passport in his hand.
• Do you have your passport with you?

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

 

Simple Future Forms

 

Using "Will"

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I will help. You will help. We will help. They will help. He will help. She will help. It will help.	I will not help. You will not help. We will not help. They will not help. He will not help. She will not help. It will not help.	Will I help? Will you help? Will we help? Will they help? Will he help? Will she help? Will it help?

Using "Be Going to"

 

Positive	Negative	Question
I am going to leave. You are going to leave. We are going to leave. They are going to leave. He is going to leave. She is going to leave. It is going to leave.	I am not going to leave. You are not going to leave. We are not going to leave. They are not going to leave. He is not going to leave. She is not going to leave. It is not going to leave.	Am I going to leave? Are you going to leave? Are we going to leave? Are they going to leave? Is he going to leave? Is she going to leave? Is it going to leave?

 

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:

• John Smith will be the next President.
• John Smith is going to be the next President.

• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.